Which of the following conditions is characterized by elevated glucose levels and metabolic acidosis?

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by elevated glucose levels along with metabolic acidosis. In DKA, the body experiences a severe lack of insulin, leading to the breakdown of fats for energy, which produces ketones as a byproduct. The accumulation of these ketones in the bloodstream results in metabolic acidosis, represented by a decreased blood pH. Additionally, due to insulin deficiency, glucose levels increase significantly, leading to hyperglycemia.

In contrast, chronic kidney disease primarily leads to retention of waste products and imbalances of electrolytes but does not specifically cause an elevated glucose level combined with metabolic acidosis as seen in DKA. Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood, not glucose or acidosis. Heart disease encompasses a variety of conditions related to the heart and circulatory system, which can be affected by multiple factors, but it is not directly defined by elevated glucose levels or metabolic acidosis. Therefore, DKA is the condition that distinctly aligns with the symptoms outlined in the question.