Which of the following best describes coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily characterized by the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This plaque consists of fatty substances, cholesterol, and other cellular debris that accumulate on the artery walls, causing narrowing or blockage. As a result, the heart may not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, which can lead to symptoms such as chest pain or angina, and potentially heart attacks.

While sustained hypertension can contribute to the development of CAD by damaging arteries over time, this is not the defining characteristic of the condition. Nerve compression relates to issues with nerve health and function rather than blood vessels, and thus does not pertain to CAD. Exercise is generally beneficial for heart health and can improve some cardiovascular conditions; however, CAD itself does not improve simply because of exercise, especially in the presence of existing plaque buildup. Therefore, the most accurate definition of coronary artery disease focuses on the accumulation of plaque in the arteries.