What condition might cause a bulging tympanic membrane?

A bulging tympanic membrane is typically indicative of fluid buildup in the middle ear, a condition known as otitis media. When fluid accumulates in the space behind the eardrum, the increased pressure can push the tympanic membrane outward, causing it to appear bulging. This condition is often associated with symptoms like ear pain, hearing loss, or discharge from the ear.

The other choices do not lead to a bulging tympanic membrane. A clear and healthy eardrum would appear flat and translucent, indicating no presence of fluid. Exposure to loud noises might cause temporary changes in the ear but does not result in a bulging tympanic membrane. Similarly, the effects of aging typically lead to changes in hearing and eardrum appearance but are not directly associated with fluid buildup that causes bulging.